Financial Planning for Your Stock Options
Financial Planning for Your Stock Options
Set Goals
In granting you stock options or restricted stock, or the right to buy shares in an employee stock purchase plan, your company has given you what it hopes is a powerful motivation and retention tool. It wants you to understand the options’ value and fit the stock into your overall plans. All financial planning should start with setting goals.
Develop an Overall Plan
Determine how you will handle the stock options over time. Remain aware of your choices, the term of your options, and the tax and lost-gains consequences of your exercise decisions. You need to exercise and sell at least enough stock to meet your goals. In addition, you may want to stagger the exercises and subsequent sales over a period of years to spread out the taxes. Alternatively, some studies have shown that holding options for the full term is the best way to maximize gains. If you simply decide at the beginning or end of each year whether or not to exercise and sell during the year, you may generate unnecessary taxes or lose opportunities when the price keeps rising. Plus, if you do not keep track of expiration dates, in-the-money options may expire unexercised.
Accurately Value Your Stock Options
The details of option taxation can easily catch you by surprise. You may forget to discount the value of the stock option by either the exercise price or taxes. The option to buy at $50 per share 1,000 shares of your company’s stock now trading at $100 may first appear to be the equivalent of a $50,000 profit (1,000 shares x $100 current price). However, in the end you may net only about $30,000 after paying the $50 exercise price and 40% in federal and state taxes combined. With the commonly granted nonqualified stock options (NQSOs), your company will probably withhold 25% federal taxes plus payroll and state taxes when you exercise your options.
Wait as Long as Possible To Exercise
If the outlook for your company is good, don’t immediately exercise the options. A traditional stock option gives you the right to buy stock up to 10 years in the future. Historically, stocks increase in value over time. By waiting, you enjoy all the upside leverage potential without any cash investment, and the spread between your exercise price and the rising stock price grows without taxation.
You should wait to exercise only if doing so meets your goals and needs. Should the stock options represent more than 25% of your net worth, diversification may be more important than waiting. In addition, your company may have stock ownership guidelines, or may just want to see you put more of your money at real risk in company stock, which would require you to exercise and hold the shares. Finally, if your company’s stock is volatile, making the price swings personally hard to tolerate, you may want to exercise and sell earlier.
Of course, you cannot sell company stock when you know important inside information. Check into whether your company has blackout and preclearance trading rules that impact the timing of any stock sales.
Learn What Happens When You Leave Your Company AND Tell Family Members.
Read the option plan and your grant agreement carefully. Know your rights if you are fired or if you quit, work for a competitor, retire, become disabled, or die. Many plans give you no more than 90 days to exercise vested options after job termination for retirement or disability, though the post-termination exercise period can be longer. However, you may lose vested options immediately if you leave the company to work for a direct competitor. Make sure you, as well as your family or close friends, are aware of these rights.
If You Have ISOs, Learn About AMT
First, before you decide to exercise and hold the stock, double-check whether you have incentive stock options (ISOs) or nonqualified stock options (NQSOs). With NQSOs, when you exercise, you will owe tax at your ordinary income rate on the spread between the option exercise and market price whether or not you immediately sell the stock. However, with ISOs, when you intend to hold the stock for one year to qualify for capital gains tax treatment, you face a tax trap.
The biggest mistake you can make with ISOs is to forget or not know about the alternative minimum tax (AMT). The AMT rules require you to include the spread on exercise of ISOs in a calculation of alternative income, unless you sell the shares in the calendar year of the exercise. The messy AMT calculation adds back to your income a number of standard deductions (e.g. state and local taxes). It then multiplies this amount by 26% or 28%, according to the amount of your AMT income.
Should the tax on this amount be higher than under the standard rules, you pay the higher amount instead. As a result, at tax time you may need to indirectly pay the IRS on the the paper gains from your exercise before you have actually sold the stock to generate the money. If you do not have the cash when the tax bill is due, you may be forced to sell stock at the wrong time or face interest and penalties.
Determine Tax Rates and Watch Brackets
Most stock options generate ordinary taxable income when exercised, either because they are NQSOs or because the ISO stock is immediately sold after exercise. Determine your tax rate so that you can plan for any estimated tax payments and analyze whether you want to take all the income in one year or spread it out over several years.
Focus on Vesting Rules And Dividends
Some companies now grant options that are immediately exercisable but have resale restrictions that lapse over time. You will need to put up the cash to exercise and hold the shares after exercise, a strategy that may be attractive in pre-IPO companies where you expect a big price run-up. If you make a Section 83(b) form filing with the IRS within 30 days of exercise, you pay tax at ordinary income rates on the spread at exercise for NQSOs (for ISOs, the spread is part of your AMT calculation), then the gains at sale will be taxed at capital gains rates.
Similarly, if your company’s stock pays a dividend, you may be better off exercising now and holding the stock to receive the dividend. This remains true even if you must borrow to buy the stock. You will end up ahead when the dividend generates more cash than the cost of borrowing.
Get Good Advice
When choosing an advisor, you should ask at least these two questions: How often does the advisor work with stock options, restricted stock and RSUs, or ESPPs? Can that person provide references from clients who have stock compensation?
Free One Hour Stock Compensation Consultation
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